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Amidst the vibrant discussions of COP28, Union Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Shri Bhupender Yadav took center stage to deliver a compelling national statement. Expressing gratitude to the United Arab Emirates for hosting the crucial summit, India commended COP28 Presidency for steering it as the "COP for Action." The essence of India's climate strategy in this respect revolves around three pivotal principles: Mission LiFE, Green Credit Initiative and an unwavering commitment to equity and climate justice.
India's proactive role in global climate action is evident through its support for action-oriented measures, rooted in the inseparable connection between people and the planet. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's call to embrace Mission LiFE – Lifestyle for Environment exemplifies India's commitment to tangible actions. In sync with this, India unveiled the Green Credit Initiative at COP28, creating a global platform for innovative environmental programs and instruments.
A historic moment further unfolded as G20 nations adopted the Green Development Pact as part of the New Delhi Declaration this year. India's dedication was further solidified by finalizing its Third National Communication, based on the GHG inventory of 2019, along with the Initial Adaptation Communication. Notably, India surpassed expectations by achieving its NDC target set for 2030, reducing emission intensity by 33% between 2005 and 2019, eleven years ahead of schedule. Additionally, 40% of electric installed capacity now comes from non-fossil fuel sources, showcasing India's proactive stance in climate action.
Beyond domestic efforts, India's global contributions include the International Solar Alliance (ISA), Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), and the Global Biofuel Alliance. Launched at the G20 leaders' meeting in New Delhi, the Global Biofuel Alliance aims to catalyse global collaboration for the advancement and widespread adoption of biofuels.
Simultaneously, the landmark launch of the India-led Global River Cities Alliance at COP28 signifies a pivotal initiative for effective river management. With nine countries pledging support, the alliance aims to propagate river-sensitive development globally, aligning with the call for urban redevelopment in the India Infrastructure Report 2023.
Throughout COP28, India emphasized the significance of the Global Stocktake's outcomes, hoping they will provide meaningful inputs for enhanced climate action. Policymakers firmly believe that resource mobilization for New Collective Quantified Goal must align with needs of developing countries, emphasizing the bedrock of its climate action – equity and climate justice.
The 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) witnessed critical agreements and initiatives that shape the global climate agenda. One notable achievement was the operationalization of the Loss and Damage (L&D) fund, aimed at compensating countries grappling with climate change impacts. The fund, committed to more than US$ 792 million, is managed by the World Bank aligning with UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.
The Global Stocktake, a comprehensive assessment of climate action, featured prominently in COP28 outcomes. The fifth iteration of the text was adopted with no objection, proposing steps to keep global temperature rise within the 1.5 degrees Celsius ambit. Key aspects include tripling renewable energy capacity, ‘phasing down’ unabated coal power, achieving net-zero emissions energy systems, accelerating zero and low emissions technologies, and transitioning away from fossil fuels.
Fast-tracking a just, orderly, and equitable energy transition was a key focus. The COP28 Presidency led the Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge, endorsed by 130 national governments. Signatories commit to tripling the world’s installed renewable energy generation capacity to at least 11,000 GW by 2030 and doubling the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements. Initiatives like the Global Cooling Pledge, Mutual Recognition of Certification Schemes for Renewable and Low-Carbon Hydrogen, Oil and Gas Decarbonisation Charter, and Industrial Transition Accelerator further underscore collaborative efforts towards sectoral emissions reduction.
COP28, while marking significant strides, fell short of the decisive action demanded by climate science. The summit achieved a landmark agreement to aid nations vulnerable to climate impacts. But scrutiny on the Global Stocktake revealed concerns over fossil fuel language and weakened commitments. Carbon markets face challenges leaving key questions for COP29. The emphasis on a just transition and nature-based solutions signal progress but requires further definition and commitment.
The Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) introduced at COP28 is a positive step addressing critical issues like climate-induced water scarcity, resilient food and agricultural production and health impacts. However, the agreement lacks financial provisions emphasizing the need for continued work to strengthen it. India's decision not to sign the Global Methane Pledge reflects sensitivities around agriculture. Developing countries including India stress the importance of negative carbon emissions for rich nations that have consumed a significant portion of the global carbon budget. Call for common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities remain central to developing countries' stance.
India's Leadership Post COP28 Laying S.E.E.D.S for a Sustainable Future, India envisions a path illuminated by the acronym S.E.E.D.S - Sustainable Environmental Endeavours for a Dynamic Society. The comprehensive framework focuses on Strengthening Global Collaborations, Elevating Adaptation Measures, Empowering Communities, Driving Innovation, and Safeguarding Climate Justice. By leveraging S.E.E.D.S, India commits to fostering a holistic approach that transcends borders, enhances resilience, empowers local communities, stimulates innovation, and upholds the principles of equity. S.E.E.D.S encapsulates India's commitment to cultivating a sustainable and dynamic global society, fostering collaboration, and steering the world towards a greener, cleaner and healthier future.
COP28 marked both achievements and challenges on the global climate front. The outcomes reflect a collective recognition of the urgency to transition away from fossil fuels in a just and equitable manner. As we navigate the complex path towards a sustainable future the world must heed the lessons of COP28 and collectively strive for a greener, cleaner, and more equitable world.
This article first appeared in ET Energyworld.com on 18 December, 2023.